Best Pregnancy Pillow: What the Research Actually Supports (and What It Doesn’t)
Table of Contents
Introduction: Best Pregnancy Pillow
Late pregnancy is a distinct clinical phase. In my own practice, this is when I most often see pregnancy-related musculoskeletal complaints become practically limiting: pelvic girdle pain, low back pain, and sometimes contractions provoked by physical work or prolonged activity. In some cases, especially toward the end of pregnancy, symptoms become significant enough that temporary sick leave may be needed.
Sleep is often part of the same picture. Some women struggle to find a position that does not aggravate back or pelvic pain. Others need to sleep partly upright because of heartburn or upper abdominal pressure, while fetal movements, discomfort and broader pregnancy-related changes can also make sleep more fragmented. In physically demanding jobs, these problems may be especially noticeable because pain, fatigue and sleep disruption can reinforce each other.
This is one reason pregnancy pillows are appealing. They are sold as a solution for better sleep, less back pain, less heartburn and even a safer sleeping position for the baby. But those are different problems, and they should not be treated as though one product has been proven to solve all of them.
Randomized evidence has been sparse. In 2026, a randomized trial from Turkey reported that first-time mothers given a full-body pregnancy pillow in the third trimester scored better on a standard sleep-quality questionnaire than women without one [1]. That is a genuine finding, but it comes from a small, unblinded study. A separate randomized trial testing a pillow specifically intended to reduce back-sleeping found that it did not reliably do so [2].
So the best pregnancy pillow depends on what problem you are actually trying to solve. In practice, I think that distinction matters more than the shape or brand of the pillow itself. This guide therefore treats each use case separately: sleep, back pain, heartburn and prevention of back-sleeping. Each recommendation is evidence-gated rather than uniformly rated, and where the evidence is thin, indirect or negative, I say so.
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Best Pregnancy Pillow at a Glance
| Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow | Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge | Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch) |
| Best for: better sleep in late pregnancy | Best for: back pain when side-sleeping | Best for: night-time heartburn |
| ✅ Full-body support ✅ Washable cover | ✅ Easy to reposition ✅ Soft and firm sides | ✅ Washable jacquard cover<br>✅ Large, positive review base |
| ⚠️ Takes up bed space< ⚠️ Short for taller users | ⚠️ Less support than full-body ⚠️ Length doesn’t suit everyone | ⚠️ Firm for side sleepers ⚠️ Wedges can slide down |
| Evidence: low certainty (two small trials, main one unblinded) | Evidence: very low quality (one 1989 trial) | Evidence: indirect (adults with reflux, not pregnancy) |
No pick for keeping you off your back to lower stillbirth risk (section 4).
1. Best Pregnancy Pillow for Better Sleep in the Third Trimester: Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow
Evidence: direct but low certainty. Two small randomized trials from overlapping author teams found better questionnaire scores with a full-body pillow (sleep quality and comfort in the first, fatigue and comfort in the second); the main trial could not be blinded, and both enrolled only first-time mothers.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Supports the back, belly, hips and legs at once, so buyers stop stacking regular pillows | Takes up a lot of the bed; reviewers often suggest a queen bed or larger |
| Keeps its loft with nightly use, according to buyers and testers | Some taller users find it short, and the back arm can make switching sides awkward |
| Removable, machine-washable cover | People who sleep hot tend to prefer a cooling cover; Momcozy sells a cooling-fabric version |
| Buyers also use it for sitting up, reading and after the birth | |
| Study: the full-body pillow group had better sleep-quality scores than controls [1] | Study: small trials (the main one unblinded) in first-time mothers only [1][3] |
Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow is a 57-inch U-shaped, full-body pillow with a removable, washable cover. It is here because the trial behind this section tested a full-body pregnancy pillow that supports several areas of the body at the same time, with a zippered, washable cover, and this is one of the most widely reviewed examples of that design. It is a class match, not the pillow used in the study: the trial report does not name a brand.
What buyers say about the Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow: Across retailer listings and independent roundups, this is one of the most heavily reviewed pregnancy pillows on Amazon, and sentiment skews strongly positive. The points that come up again and again are that it replaces a pile of ordinary pillows, supports the back, hips and bump at the same time, and holds its shape after weeks of use; plenty of buyers say they toss and turn less. The complaints are just as consistent: it dominates the bed (partners notice), taller users find it on the short side, some feel the back arm gets in the way when they want to roll to the other side, and hot sleepers point to the cooling-fabric version instead.
The research. The main trial recruited first-time mothers at 29 to 30 weeks of pregnancy from a hospital outpatient clinic in Amasya, Turkey, between May and December 2023 [1]. Data were collected from 98 women and 75 completed the study (38 in the pillow group, 37 controls). The pillow group was given a full-body pregnancy pillow and advised to lie on their left side; the control group received no intervention. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), where lower scores mean better sleep and a score above 5 indicates poor sleep. Averaged across the three measurement points, the PSQI was 4.03 in the pillow group and 8.12 in controls (p<0.001). The groups did not differ at baseline; the gap opened up at the later two assessments, and the group-by-time interaction was significant (p<0.001). Comfort scores were also higher with the pillow (65.7 vs 50.9). Women in the pillow group reported sleeping with it for about 6 hours a night at the middle assessment and 7 hours at the final one, and no adverse events were reported.
The limitations are specific, and they matter:
- No blinding. Participants knew whether they had received a pillow, and both outcomes were self-reported questionnaires. The authors acknowledge this.
- Allocation was not fully concealed. The randomization list was accessible during enrolment, which the authors note leaves room for selection bias.
- Non-users were excluded. Women who did not use the pillow effectively were removed from the analysis, which may bias the estimate toward a benefit compared with an analysis of everyone who was assigned a pillow.
- Registered after the fact. The trial was registered in February 2025, after data collection had finished.
- Sleep was a secondary outcome. Comfort was the primary outcome, and the comfort questionnaire used mainly asks about relationships, social support, the baby and the motherhood role rather than physical comfort. Because that scale covers broad psychosocial areas and participants knew their group, the size of the comfort difference warrants caution.
- Narrow population. Only healthy first-time mothers with no diagnosed sleep disorder, at a single centre, were included.
The study was funded by Atatürk University’s research projects unit, and the authors declared no competing interests.
A second trial from a partly overlapping author team randomized 77 first-time mothers (39 pillow, 38 control) at a university hospital in Turkey’s Black Sea region [3]. Fatigue scores fell from 19.38 to 7.18 in the pillow group and rose from 14.84 to 28.84 in controls; at the final assessment the pillow group’s fatigue score was 23.687 points lower and its comfort score 29.695 points higher (both p<0.001). I could only check this trial’s abstract, so its methods are not assessed here. Two things in the abstract stand out: baseline fatigue was noticeably higher in the pillow group than in controls, and control-group comfort fell sharply over the study, both of which make the size of the effect hard to take at face value. No funding was received and no competing interests were declared.
One more data point comes from an Australian crossover trial designed for a different question (section 4). When 35 women in the third trimester used a U-shaped pillow for a week, objectively measured total sleep time was 14.3 minutes longer per night than in their week with their own pillows (95% CI 1.0 to 27.6 minutes, p=0.04), but self-rated sleep quality did not change (6.8 out of 10 with their own pillows vs 6.7 with the U-shaped pillow) [2]. Women rated the pillow’s comfort 6.5 out of 10, and two-thirds said they would keep using it.
The fair summary: a full-body pregnancy pillow is the best-supported reason to buy one. The two Turkish trials reported favorable questionnaire outcomes, while the Australian trial found a small increase in objectively measured sleep time but no improvement in self-rated sleep quality. And the size of the benefit in the Turkish trials may be overstated and remains uncertain because of design limitations (clearest in the main trial), and the one objective measurement shows a modest gain. No adverse events were reported in the main sleep trial, and a full-body pillow can reasonably be treated as a comfort aid for late pregnancy rather than a treatment for insomnia.
In my clinical experience, some women in late pregnancy need a fairly substantial pillow between their legs to make side-sleeping more comfortable. A standard pillow is not always thick or firm enough for this purpose. It may need to be folded to create enough support, and even then it can shift out of position during the night. Others also benefit from support behind the back or under the abdomen.
This was also a very familiar problem during my wife’s pregnancies. Finding a pillow that was thick enough, firm enough and stayed in place through the night was not always straightforward. That personal experience has made the practical side of this issue especially easy for me to recognize in patients as well.
For this kind of positioning, I find a full-body pregnancy pillow particularly useful because it can provide several points of support at once without requiring multiple separate pillows.
2. Best Pregnancy Pillow for Back Pain When Side-Sleeping: Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge
Evidence: thin. One small crossover trial from 1989 found less backache with a wedge-shaped belly pillow; a Cochrane review grades the evidence very low quality, and the pillow tested is no longer made.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Small enough to shift when you turn over, and you keep your usual head pillow | Supports far less of the body than a full-length pillow |
| Two sides: softer memory foam and firmer foam, which buyers switch between as pregnancy progresses | Some buyers find the length not quite right for them |
| Doubles as knee support or lower-back support when sitting, and travels easily | |
| Study: a wedge-shaped belly pillow beat a standard pillow for backache in one trial [4] | Study: a single small trial from 1989; evidence graded very low quality [5] |
Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge is a compact, rounded foam wedge with a softer memory-foam side and a firmer side, sized to tuck under the bump while you lie on your side. It is here because the only trial in this area tested a wedge-shaped cushion that supported the abdomen during side-lying. It is a class match: the trial pillow is no longer made, and no study has tested this wedge.
What buyers say about the Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge: This is a long-running, heavily reviewed listing with mostly positive feedback. Buyers who chose it over a large U-shaped pillow say it is easy to move from one side to the other during the night and lets them keep sleeping on their normal pillow, and several mention flipping from the softer side to the firmer side later in pregnancy. Others use it behind the lower back when sitting up or between the knees. The main reservations are that a small wedge supports much less of the body than a full-length pillow (one review roundup judged it less helpful for back pain than larger pillows) and that its length does not suit everyone. The listing also says belly support reduces swelling; that claim is not tested in any of the research cited here.
The research. In the Thomas trial, 92 women at 36 weeks of pregnancy used a wedge-shaped pillow called the Ozzlo to support the abdomen while lying on their side, and compared it with a standard hospital pillow, a week with each [4]. Backache was very common (87%), and in 59% it had started before 29 weeks. Backache scores were lower in the week with the Ozzlo pillow, and significantly more women rated it better than the standard pillow for backache and sleep, although some found both helpful. Women felt they slept better with the Ozzlo, but their actual sleep scores did not confirm this.
In the 2007 version of the Cochrane review on back and pelvic pain in pregnancy, the Ozzlo pillow was more effective than a regular pillow for relieving back pain (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.55), and the reviewers noted it was no longer commercially available [6]. The 2013 update graded this as very low-quality evidence that a specially designed pillow may relieve night pain better than a regular pillow [5]. Blinding is not described in the abstract I could access, and the full text is not openly available, so its funding could not be checked.
So this is a plausible design-class option to try, but the evidence is one old, small trial of a product you can no longer buy. A modern belly wedge is a design-class substitute, not an evidence-tested equivalent. For the pain itself, the 2015 update of that Cochrane review found low-quality evidence that land-based exercise reduces pregnancy-related low back pain and disability [7], whereas the pillow evidence comes from a single very-low-quality trial.
By late pregnancy, the abdomen can become large enough that side-sleeping is not always a simple, neutral position. In my clinical experience, some women tend to rotate slightly forward when lying on their side, particularly if the abdomen is not well supported. That can make the position feel unstable and may add to the difficulty of finding a comfortable sleeping posture when back or pelvic pain is already present.
This is where a smaller wedge or firm support under the abdomen can make practical sense. It can fill the space between the abdomen and the mattress and help the body stay in a more supported side-lying position rather than tipping farther forward. A substantial pillow between the legs can also be useful when the aim is to make side-sleeping more comfortable. In practice, a standard pillow is sometimes too soft or too thin for this, may need to be folded, and can shift out of place during the night.
3. Best Pregnancy Pillow for Night-Time Heartburn: Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch)
Evidence: indirect. Small, low-quality trials in adults with reflux suggest that raising the head of the bed may help; I found no trial of head elevation or a wedge pillow in pregnant women.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| One of the most widely reviewed bed wedges on Amazon, with mostly positive feedback | Can feel too firm, especially for side sleepers |
| Removable, washable jacquard cover | Sliding down the incline overnight is a recurring complaint about bed wedges in general |
| Buyers who bought it for reflux often say it helps | Can feel too high if a regular pillow is added on top |
| Study: raising the head of the bed improved reflux symptoms in all four trials that measured them, but the evidence is low quality [8] | Study: the trials were small, short and at high risk of bias, and the review does not mention pregnancy [8] |
Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch) is a foam wedge with a memory-foam top layer and a removable cover that raises the head and upper body. It is here because sleeping on a wedge was one of the head-elevation methods tested in reflux trials, and its 7.5-inch height (about 19 cm) is close to the 20 cm wedge used in one of those trials. It is a class match supported only indirectly: the trials were in adults with reflux, and none used this product.
What buyers say about the Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch): This wedge is one of the best-selling bed wedges on Amazon and has a very large, largely positive review base. Buyers who got it for reflux often report that it helps, and testers describe the 7.5-inch height as a sensible middle ground that still makes it easy to get out of bed. The main criticisms are firmness (the memory-foam top is fairly thin, so some side sleepers find it hard), feeling propped up too high when a regular pillow goes on top, and, as with bed wedges generally, a tendency to slide down the incline during the night.
The research. Heartburn is common in late pregnancy. A 2025 meta-analysis of 21 studies with 9,497 pregnant women estimated that 40.96% had reflux symptoms during pregnancy, rising to 55.93% in the third trimester [9]. Its authors cite current recommendations as stepwise: lifestyle changes first, then non-absorbable antacids and alginate-based products, and proton pump inhibitors when symptoms persist.
For raising the head of the bed, the best summary I found is a 2021 systematic review that found five small trials with 228 patients in total, none longer than six weeks, all judged at high risk of performance bias [8]. Two used blocks of 20 cm under the bed legs, one used a 20 cm wedge-shaped pillow, and two compared blocks of 20 to 28 cm with a wedge in separate arms. All four trials that measured symptoms found improvement with head elevation. In one crossover trial, which used bed blocks, 69% of participants had a clinically meaningful symptom improvement at six weeks compared with 33% without elevation (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.6). The wedge-specific results were less consistent: in one trial a wedge reduced reflux symptoms but not measured acid exposure, while in another a wedge did reduce acid exposure. When participants in one trial could choose, more preferred bed blocks (9 of 15) than the wedge (5 of 15). The review received no specific funding, and its authors conclude that head-of-bed elevation may have a beneficial effect on reflux symptoms.
There is one pregnancy-specific catch. A torso wedge puts you in a semi-reclined position, and from 28 weeks the advice is to settle to sleep on your side rather than your back (section 4). In the stillbirth meta-analysis discussed below, a propped-up going-to-sleep position was reported by few women and was not significantly associated with stillbirth (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 0.68 to 2.49) [10], but that interval is far too wide to count as reassurance. That is a practical extrapolation from the side-sleeping advice, not a finding of the wedge trials: if you use a wedge in late pregnancy, settle on your side on the incline. Bed risers are another head-elevation method studied in reflux trials; they incline the whole bed rather than placing a wedge directly beneath the upper body. If heartburn is frequent or severe, raise it at your prenatal visits, because there are treatments that are suitable in pregnancy.
Heartburn can become a very real and disruptive problem in late pregnancy. In my clinical experience, some women describe a strong sense of pressure in the upper abdomen, particularly when the baby is large and space feels increasingly limited. They may notice that eating becomes more uncomfortable, that they tolerate smaller meals better, and that reflux is especially troublesome when lying down.
Some patients also describe symptoms worsening when the baby is very active or pressing high in the abdomen. I would be cautious about presenting that as a precise mechanism, but from a practical perspective the combination of abdominal pressure, reduced meal tolerance and lying flat can make night-time reflux particularly difficult. This is one reason some women end up sleeping partly upright or looking for a wedge that raises the upper body.
4. Pregnancy Pillows to Keep You Off Your Back (Stillbirth Risk): Why There Is No Pick
Evidence: direct negative evidence for one pillow. A randomized crossover trial found that a pillow designed to prevent back-sleeping did not reduce it. The side-sleeping advice itself rests on case-control studies.
Settling to sleep on your side from 28 weeks is sensible, widely given advice. But the one randomized trial that tested a pregnancy pillow built for exactly this purpose found that it did not reduce the time women spent on their backs. Current evidence therefore does not support assuming that a pregnancy pillow will reliably keep you off your back, and I found no trial showing that any pregnancy pillow reduces stillbirth risk, so this section has no product.
The advice comes from an individual participant data meta-analysis of five case-control studies with 851 late stillbirths and 2,257 controls [10]. Compared with going to sleep on the left side, going to sleep on the back was associated with higher odds of late stillbirth (aOR 2.63, 95% CI 1.72 to 4.04), while the right side carried similar odds to the left (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.31). The estimated population attributable risk for going to sleep on the back was 5.8%. These are case-control data based on women recalling their sleep position, and the authors note that recall may have been affected by the time since the stillbirth, although they argue this would not be systematically biased toward supine sleep, and the meta-analysis found no randomized trial data testing whether changing sleep position reduces stillbirth; I found no trial demonstrating such a reduction. The meta-analysis was funded by Cure Kids and Red Nose Australia. A 2025 practice article in the Canadian Medical Association Journal advises avoiding going to sleep on the back from 28 weeks, notes that sleep position before 28 weeks does not appear to affect outcomes, and states that the right side appears as safe as the left [11]. One of its authors declares being an inventor on a patented maternity belt for use during sleep in pregnancy.
The pillow trial randomized 41 women in the third trimester, with sleep-position data from 35 of them across 469 nights [2]. Each woman spent one week with her own pillows and one week with a U-shaped pillow that has a firm arm behind the back to stop her rolling over, in random order, while a small neck-worn sensor recorded body position every night. Women spent a median of 13.0% of sleep time on their backs in the control week and 16.0% in the pillow week (mean difference 2.5%, 95% CI −0.7 to 5.6, p=0.12), which works out to roughly an hour a night on their backs either way. Adherence was high, with the pillow used all night on 88.5% of nights. Two further findings are just as useful for buyers. In the control week, 42% of women already wedged extra pillows behind their backs, yet they spent no less time on their backs than women who did not (median 12.7% vs 13.2%, p=0.29; a non-randomized comparison). And self-report was unreliable: 7.9% of nights objectively began with the woman on her back, but women reported this on only 0.6% of nights. The trial was funded by two medical research foundations, and the authors declared no conflicts of interest. One limitation is that the sensor counted a slight tilt as lying on the back; another is that most participants had a healthy weight.
None of this means a pillow is harmful, and if one makes lying on your side more comfortable, that has value in its own right (sections 1 and 2). It just should not be bought or trusted as a safety device: the only trial built to test that role found that this pillow did not work, and I found no trial showing that any pregnancy pillow lowers stillbirth risk, and in that trial self-report substantially underdetected objectively measured supine sleep onset.
By late pregnancy, the abdomen is often large enough that side-sleeping becomes the most practical and natural position for many women. In my clinical experience, many women at this stage already spend much of the night on one side rather than flat on their back, simply because it feels more comfortable and accommodates the size of the abdomen better. That practical tendency is worth keeping separate from the stillbirth evidence itself: a pregnancy pillow may make side-sleeping easier, but that does not mean it has been proven to prevent back-sleeping or reduce stillbirth risk.
Quick Comparison
This table is a navigation aid, not a ranking: there is no single best pregnancy pillow, because the categories answer different questions and are not compared head-to-head.
| Use case | Evidence in plain words | Pick | Main limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Better sleep in the third trimester | Two small randomized trials favor a full-body pillow | Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow | Main trial unblinded; overlapping authors; first-time mothers only |
| Back pain when side-sleeping | One 1989 trial favored a belly wedge; very low quality | Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge | Tested pillow no longer made; no modern trial |
| Night-time heartburn | Head elevation may help reflux in adults; not tested in pregnancy | Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch) | No pregnancy trial; small, short trials at high risk of bias |
| Keeping you off your back | A pillow designed for this did not reduce back-sleeping | None | Side-sleeping advice itself rests on case-control data |
FAQ
When should I start using a pregnancy pillow? The trials discussed here started in the third trimester, at 29 to 30 weeks in the sleep trial [1] and between 30 and 36 weeks in the Australian trial [2]. I found no randomized trial of earlier use, and sleep position before 28 weeks does not appear to affect pregnancy outcomes [11], so before then the evidence reviewed here does not establish an outcome benefit from using a pregnancy pillow.
U-shaped, C-shaped, J-shaped or wedge? I found no randomized trial comparing shapes head-to-head. The positive sleep trial used a full-body pillow [1], and the back-pain trial used a wedge under the bump [4]. A full-body pillow like the Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow is designed to support more of the body at once but takes substantially more bed space than a compact wedge; a wedge like the Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge is easier to move when you turn over.
Will a pregnancy pillow keep me off my back? Not reliably, on current evidence. The one U-shaped pillow designed to do exactly that did not reduce back-sleeping in a randomized trial, and in a non-randomized comparison women who already used extra pillows behind the back did not spend less time on their backs either [2].
Can I use my pregnancy pillow for the baby after birth? Not for sleep. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a firm, noninclined sleep surface and avoiding soft bedding in the infant’s sleep area [12], so a pregnancy pillow is not suitable for the baby’s sleep.
Is a pregnancy pillow safe to use? No adverse events were reported with the full-body pillow in the sleep trial [1], but one small trial cannot establish the general safety of all pregnancy pillows. The main practical caution is the one in section 3: if you use a torso wedge in late pregnancy, settle on your side rather than your back.
What This Means for Buyers
Best pregnancy pillow for better sleep in the third trimester: The best-supported use, with low certainty. In two small Turkish trials, a full-body pillow came with better sleep and comfort scores in the first and lower fatigue and higher comfort in the second, though the size of the benefit may be overstated and remains uncertain. The Momcozy U-Shaped Pregnancy Pillow is a widely reviewed example of that class.
Best pregnancy pillow for back pain when side-sleeping: Thin evidence. One 1989 trial favored a wedge under the bump, but the tested pillow no longer exists. The Hiccapop Pregnancy Pillow Wedge is a reasonable, compact class example, and exercise has the stronger evidence for the pain itself.
Best pregnancy pillow for night-time heartburn: Indirect evidence. Small, low-quality trials suggest raising the head of the bed may help reflux in adults, but it has not been tested in pregnancy. The Kölbs Bed Wedge Pillow (7.5-Inch) is a well-reviewed example; settle on your side on it, or consider bed risers instead, and mention persistent heartburn at your prenatal visits.
Keeping you off your back: No product recommended. Side-sleeping from 28 weeks is sensible advice, but a pillow designed to enforce it did not work in a randomized trial, and I found no trial showing that any pregnancy pillow lowers stillbirth risk, so do not rely on one as a safety device.
References
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-026-08881-0
- https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17952
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-026-09533-z
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2529841/
- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub3/abstract
- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub2
- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub4/abstract
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12875-021-01369-0
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-025-08569-x
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31193832/
- https://www.cmaj.ca/content/197/23/E645
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35726558/
